The Young Offenders Act - The Truth Essays (544 words)

The Young Offenders Act - The Truth? The Young Offenders Act - The Truth? This essay was written to show the advantages and disadvantages of the Young Offenders Act over the previous Juvenile Delinquents Act. Also it should give a theoretical understanding of the current Canadian Juvenile-Justice system, the act and it's implications and the effects of the young offenders needs and mental health on the outcome of the trials. In the interest of society the young offenders act was brought forth on april second 1984. This act was created to ensure the rights and the needs of a young person. Alan W. Leshied says "On one hand the justice and legal objectives of the act are being effectively realized while on the other hand the needs and treatment aspects of it leave much to be desired." The research of the Young offenders act is still ongoing but Leshied says that it is becoming clear that the custody positions have been in dispute since the act came into effect. The old Juvenile delinquency act states in section 38 "The care and custody and discipline of a juvenile delinquent shall approximate as nearly as maybe that which should be given by his parents, and... as far as practability every juvenile delinquent shall be treated, not as a criminal, but as a misguided and misdirected child . . . needing aid, encouragement, help and assistance."(Page 72) If a youth is close to the adult age of 18 years they could be transfered to the adult justice system. This means that they would be given the same sentences as an adult including and up to life in prison. Many people have tried to correct this problem that they see as a weakness. Yet, so far their attempts have failed. Another weakness they find, is that the courts are expensive and unsatisfactory methods of dealing with crime that is not very serious. Before the fabrication of legal aid most young offenders were not able to obtain legal services. "Subsection 11 (4) provides that, were a young person wishes to obtain counsel but is not able to do so, the youth-court judge shall refer the young person to the provincial legal-aid, or assistance program. If no such program is available or the young person is unable to obtain counsel through an available program, the youth court judge may, and on the request of the young person shall direct the young person to be represented by counsel." To establish a relationship between the young offender and the lawyer, thew lawyer must be able to receive instructions from his/her client. Usually there is little difficulty either receiving or carrieing out the instructions of his/her client. Special problems can arise when the client is a young person. The problems faced by this, is the young person may not be able to communicate with counsel. While the lawyer and young person need not a specific statement for the client as to a preferred outcome it should take form of a general expression of the client's feelings or attitudes in the major issues of the precedings the young person must be able to make decisions that may hold significant repercussions. Mental health of the young offender can also be a problem. Currently this issue is not addressed in the Young Offenders Act, before the mental health act can be enacted, extremely dangerous behaviour must be displayed. Before the age of 16 they are sometimes placed in hospitals for a short time under the authority of the legal guardians.

The Disease Fibromyalgia

The Disease Fibromyalgia Free Online Research Papers Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by extensive pain in your muscles, ligaments and tendons, as well as tiredness and multiple tender points (places on your body where slight pressure causes pain). Fibromyalgia occurs in about two percent of the population in the United States. Women are much more probable to develop the disorder than men, and the risk of fibromyalgia increases with age. Fibromyalgia symptoms often begin after a physical or emotional trauma, but in many cases there appears to be no originating event. Although increased sensitivity to pain is the main symptom of fibromyalgia, fibromyalgia syndrome and other types of chronic pain diseases form a family of corresponding syndromes. Therefore, even though the most common symptoms are pain and fatigue in muscles and tendons, often it is noticed that those suffering from fibromyalgia will have other associated conditions and symptoms. It is because of these corresponding symptoms that fibromyalgia came to be considered as a syndrome rather than a disease. The signs and symptoms of fibromyalgia are: chronic muscle pain, muscle spasms, muscle tightness, weakness in the limbs, leg cramps, moderate or severe fatigue, insomnia or waking up feeling just as tired as when you went to sleep, stiffness upon waking or after staying in one position too long, difficulty remembering and concentrating, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, constipation, tension or migraine headaches, jaw and facial tenderness, sensitivity to odors or bright lights, feeling anxious or depressed, numbness in the face and extremities, increase in urinary urgency or frequency, reduced tolerance for exercise and muscle pain after exercise, a feeling of swelling (without actual swelling) in the hands and feet, painful menstrual periods, and dizziness. Fibromyalgia symptoms may increase depending on the time of day. The mornings, late afternoons, and evenings tend to be the worst times. From 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. tends to be the best time. They may also get worse with fatigue, tension, inactivity, changes in the weather, cold or drafty conditions, overexertion, hormonal variations (just before menopause), stress, depression, or other emotional factors. There are three main ways to treat fibromyalgia. The first is pain management. There are a number of pharmacological treatments available for fibromyalgia. The first medication approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) was Lyrica, the second was Cymbalta, and the third was Savella. Physicians may also treat the symptoms of fibromyalgia with non-narcotic pain relievers, such as Tramadol, or low doses of anti-depressants or benzodiazepines. Lidocaine injections into the patient’s tender points also work well on localized areas of pain. An important aspect of pain management is a regular program of gentle exercise and stretching which helps maintain muscle tone and reduces pain and stiffness. Sleep management is also effective in relieving symptoms of fibromyalgia. Improved sleep can be obtained by implementing a healthy sleep regimen. This includes going to bed and getting up at the same time every day, making sure the sleep environment is appropriate for sleep; avoiding caffeine, sugar and alcohol before bed; doing some type of light exercise during the day; avoiding eating immediately before bedtime; and practicing relaxation exercises as you fall asleep. The third form of treatment for fibromyalgia is psychological support. Learning to live with a chronic illness often challenges an individual emotionally. The fibromyalgia patient needs to develop a program that provides emotional support and increases communication with family and friends. Many communities throughout the United States have organized fibromyalgia support groups. Counseling sessions with a trained professional may help to improve communication and understanding about the illness and help to build healthier relationships within the patient’s family. In addition to these three forms of treatment, there are other treatments that might be effective. These treatments may include: physical therapy, therapeutic massage, myofascial release therapy, water therapy, light aerobics, acupressure, application of heat or cold, acupuncture, yoga, relaxation exercises, breathing techniques, aromatherapy, cognitive therapy, biofeedback, herbs, nutritional supplements, and osteopathic or chiropractic manipulation. Fibromyalgia can be mild or disabling and the emotional toll can be extensive. People with fibromyalgia experience greater psychological distress and a greater impact on quality of life than those with other conditions, such as chronic low back pain. About half of all patients have difficulty with routine daily activities, or are unable to perform them. An estimated 30-40% of patients with fibromyalgia have had to quit work or change jobs. Patients with fibromyalgia are more likely to lose jobs, possessions, and support from friends and family than are people suffering from other conditions that cause fatigue. Some studies show that fibromyalgia symptoms remain stable over the long term, while others report a better outlook, with 25-35% of patients reporting improvement in pain symptoms over time. Studies suggest that regular exercise improves the outlook. Those with a significant life crisis, or who are on disability, have a poorer outcome, as determined by improvements in the patients’ ability to work, their own feelings about their condition, pain sensation, and levels of disturbed sleep, fatigue and depression. Although the disease is life-long, it does not get worse and is not fatal. 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Renewable Energy VS Fossil Fuel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Renewable Energy VS Fossil Fuel - Research Paper Example There has also been question over the possibility of depletion of current fossil fuel reserves, fossil fuels are those that are not renewable, one they are exploited, they cannot be replenished. In this regard, there has been a concern to opt for other sources of energy that are renewable and can be used over and again without depletion. It is then construable that renewable sources of energy can provide a solution to the myriad of problems that comes with the fossil fuels and should be fast tracked to check on the challenges occasioned by overreliance on one source of fuels-fossil fuel The need to consider other sources of energy is even accentuated by the fact that fossil fuels that are not only non-renewable, they are also scarcely distributed and this brings more competition on the resource leading to the increase in the cost of using such sources of fuels. This move to opt for other sources of energy comes at a time when other countries fully depends on the production of the fos sil fuels to drive there economy. Notwithstanding, the move to consider alternative sources of fuel is aimed at easing the pressure that is mounted on the use of fossil fuel so that prices can be moderated while at the same time the environment is kept clean (Singh and Steven 21). As indicated in the first paragraph, fuels can be classified into renewable and non-renewable, fossil fuels fall under the category of non-renewable sources of fuels. There is a clear distinction between the sources of energy that one is able to identify and classify them owing to the nature of their formation. Different types of fuel that fall under either fossil or renewable, and each has its own distinct characteristics setting it apart from the other. Fossil fuels are those that emanate from changes in the atmosphere from the carboniferous era, they consist of Coal, Petroleum, and Natural gas, fossil fuels are made from the process of anaerobic decomposition of the organism that were buried long time. The dead buried organism will have to be subjected to intense heat and pressure which then results into the formation of the fossils fuels. It has to noted that for the organisms to turn into fossils fuels, the take millions of years underground, for instance, there are those that takes up to about 650 million years for the organisms to give fossil fuels. One of the characteristics of the fossil fuels that is notable is high percentage of carbon content, though the percentage of the carbon in the fuels to differ from one compound to the next. There content of carbon is the facilitating factor for the environmental pollution; on the other hand, renewable energy is that which originates from materials that receive continued replenishment from nature and include sunlight, tides among others. The fact that, renewable source of energy are spread in almost all the geographical regions makes it suitable for the production of sufficient energy to drive the economy unlike that of fossil fuel s that is only skewed to selected geographical areas. This make renewable source of energy to be a better alternative of reducing cost of the fuels, controlling pollution, and providing enough energy that can sustain the high demand that is in the offing. Given the nature of the renewable sources of energy, there is only modification and development of the sites for them to be harnessed, for example, in a river with a waterfall, the only development expected for the energy to be harnessed is fixation of the turbines and construction of the hydropower station. Advantages of the Fossil Fuel Fossil fuels that include coal, petroleum, and natural gas presents a plethora of